An evaluation of sexual behaviour change using statistical and cognitive models. The AIDS Community Demonstration Projects

We evaluate sexual behaviour change among homosexual men enrolled in the cohorts in four AIDS Community Demonstration Projects. Behaviour change is classified following the stages of behaviour change model and described using a Markov model. Predictors of behaviour change are identified and evaluated using logit models for correlated data. Sexual behaviour change within the cohort could be modelled as a first-order Markov process. In addition, predictors suggested by models of health behaviour were correlated with particular patterns of sexual behaviour change. Our evaluation revealed a variety of patterns of sexual behaviour change in the cohorts and suggests multi-faceted interventions for promotion of behaviour change.     

Solution structure of the donor site of a trans-splicing RNA

The CYP51 gene encoding eburicol 14 alpha-demethylase (P450(14DM)) was cloned from a genomic library of the filamentous fungal plant pathogen Penicillium italicum, by heterologous hybridisation with the corresponding gene encoding lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase from the yeast Candida tropicalis. The nucleotide sequence of a 1739-bp genomic fragment and the corresponding cDNA clone comprises an open reading frame (ORF) of 1545 bp, encoding a protein of 515 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 57.3 kDa. The ORF is interrupted by three introns of 60, 72 and 62 bp. The C-terminal part of the protein includes a characteristic haem-binding domain, HR2, common to all P450 genes. The deduced P. italicum P450(14DM) protein and the P450(14DM) proteins from Candida albicans, C. tropicalis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae share 47.2, 47.0 and 45.8% amino acid sequence identity. Therefore, the cloned gene is classified as a member of the CYP51 family. Multiple copies of a genomic DNA fragment of Pl italicum containing the cloned P450 gene were introduced into Aspergillus niger by transformation. Transformants were significantly less sensitive to fungicides which inhibit P450(14DM) activity, indicating that the cloned gene encodes a functional eburicol 14 alpha-demethylase.     

Human erythrocytes bearing electroinserted CD4 neutralize infection in vitro by primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1

Human erythrocytes bearing electroinserted full-length CD4 (RBC-CD4) can bind and fuse with a laboratory strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) or with T cells infected by HIV-1. Here we show that RBC-CD4 neutralize primary HIV-1 strains in an assay of cocultivation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HIV-1-infected persons with uninfected PBMC. RBC-CD4 inhibited viral p24 core antigen accumulation in these cocultures up to 10,000-fold compared with RBC alone. Viral p24 accumulation was inhibited equally well when measured in culture supernatants or in call extracts. The inhibition was dose-dependent and long-lived. Two types of recombinant CD4 tested in parallel were largely ineffective. The neutralization of primary HIV-1 by RBC-CD4 in vitro was demonstrated in PBMC cultures from 21 of a total of 23 patients tested at two independent sites. RBC-CD4 may offer a route to blocking HIV-1 infection in vivo.     

Characterization of mutated transforming growth factor-beta s which possess unique biological properties

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a potent regulator of cell growth and differentiation. On the basis of the crystal structure of TGF-beta 2, we have designed and synthesized two mutant TGF-beta s, TGF-beta 1 (71 Trp) and TGF-beta 1 (delta 69-73). Although both of these molecules inhibited the growth of Mv1Lu mink lung epithelial cells and LS1034 colorectal cancer cells, which are affected equally by TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2, TGF-beta 1 (delta 69-73) was much less potent than TGF-beta 1 or TGF-beta 1 (71 Trp) at inhibiting the growth of LS513 colorectal cancer cells which are growth-inhibited by TGF-beta 1 but not TGF-beta 2. Both TGF-beta 1 (71 Trp) and TGF-beta 1 (delta 69-73) increased levels of mRNAs for fibronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor with Mv1Lu cells, whereas only TGF-beta 1 (71 Trp) and not TGF-beta 1 (delta 69-73) up-regulated the mRNA level of carcinoembryonic antigen in LS513 cells. The expression level of carcinoembryonic antigen mRNA in LS1034 cells was not altered by either wild-type or mutant TGF-beta s. Receptor labeling experiments demonstrated that TGF-beta 1 (71 Trp) bound with high affinity to the cell-surface receptors of Mv1Lu, LS1034, and LS513 cells while TGF-beta 1 (delta 69-73) bound effectively to the receptors of Mv1Lu and LS1034 cells but much less to the receptors on LS513 cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Infection control in the dental practice with emphasis on the orthodontic practice

Infections present a significant hazard in the orthodontic office because they can be transmitted by blood or saliva through direct or indirect contact, droplets, aerosols, or contaminated instruments and equipment. Because the incidence of certain microbial cross-infections in the dental environment has not been well documented, orthodontic personnel may not take the problem of cross-infection as seriously as they should, and they may transmit or contract more infections than they realize. The use of effective infection-control procedures in the orthodontic office and laboratory will prevent cross-contamination that may extend to the orthodontist, office staff, assistants, and patients. The goal of this article is to present infection control in a simple, yet comprehensive, manner, and to encourage all orthodontic practitioners to implement essential infection-control procedures in their practices.